Surabaya periode perancangan aplikasi sistem pakar penyakit kulit pada anak dengan metode expert system development life cycle hubungan pengetahuan dan perilaku dengan frekuensi kejadian penyakit kulit pada masyarakat pengguna air. Startup bisa menggelola infrasuktur sistem yang nasional. Aplikasi iOS dan Android Nasional. Dimana ada yang membuat startup wadah aplikasi aplikasi negara di store. Negara membuat aplikasi disemua kategori yang ada sendiri yang dipasangi iklan negara sendiri menggunakan akun nasional. Menyediakan aplikasi anak, aplikasi fashion, game dll.
Portal Komuniti Ex-Student IT:: Intro About LINUX - Dwibahasa - -:: Author Message masterphp Joined: 03 Mar 2008 Posts: 35 Location: Ampang Posted: Tue Mar 04, 2008 6:39 am Post subject: Intro About LINUX - Dwibahasa Linux (commonly pronounced IPA: /ˈlɪnəks/ in English; variants exist) is a Unix-like computer operating system. Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free software and open source development: typically all underlying source code can be freely modified, used, and redistributed by anyone. The name 'Linux' comes from the Linux kernel, started in 1991 by Linus Torvalds. The system's utilities and libraries usually come from the GNU operating system, announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman.
The GNU contribution is the basis for the alternative name GNU/Linux. Predominantly known for its use in servers, Linux is supported by corporations such as Dell, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Novell, Oracle Corporation, Red Hat, and Sun Microsystems. It is used as an operating system for a wide variety of computer hardware, including desktop computers, supercomputers, video game systems, such as the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3, several arcade games, and embedded devices such as mobile phones, routers, and stage lighting systems. History The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in the 1960s and first released in 1970. Its wide availability and portability meant that it was widely adopted, copied and modified by academic institutions and businesses, with its design being influential on authors of other systems.
The GNU Project, started in 1984, had the goal of creating a 'complete Unix-compatible software system' made entirely of free software. In 1985, Richard Stallman created the Free Software Foundation and developed the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL).
Many of the programs required in an OS (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a Unix shell, and a windowing system) were completed by the early 1990s, although low level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has said that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own. Minix MINIX, a Unix-like system intended for academic use, was released by Andrew S. Tanenbaum in 1987. While source code for the system was available, modification and redistribution were restricted (that is not the case today). In addition, MINIX's 16-bit design was not well adapted to the 32-bit design of the increasingly cheap and popular Intel 386 architecture for personal computers.
In 1991, Torvalds began to work on a non-commercial replacement for MINIX while he was attending the University of Helsinki. This eventually became the Linux kernel. In 1992, Tanenbaum posted an article on Usenet claiming Linux was obsolete. In the article, he criticized the operating system as being monolithic in design and being tied closely to the x86 architecture and thus not portable, as he described 'a fundamental error.' Tanenbaum suggested that those who wanted a modern operating system should look into one based on the microkernel model. The posting elicited the response of Torvalds and Ken Thompson, one of the founders of Unix, which resulted in a well known debate over the microkernel and monolithic kernel designs. Linux was dependent on the MINIX user space at first.
With code from the GNU system freely available, it was advantageous if this could be used with the fledgling OS. Code licensed under the GNU GPL can be used in other projects, so long as they also are released under the same or a compatible license. In order to make the Linux kernel compatible with the components from the GNU Project, Torvalds initiated a switch from his original license (which prohibited commercial redistribution) to the GNU GPL. Linux and GNU developers worked to integrate GNU components with Linux to make a fully functional and free operating system. Use as a base for other Operating Systems Some operating systems use Linux as a base for their operating system. Tivo is a good example of this, it uses Linux as the basis for its operating system. The Tivo OS does not use X, instead it writes directly to the frame buffer.
Another Operating System that uses Linux is Mac OS X. The base kernel for Mac OS is based on Linux, which is what made the port from PowerPC to Intel so easy. Also many of the commands used in the command line of Mac OS X are also Linux commands. The Sharp Zaurus also uses Linux as a base for its proprietary operating sytstem. The iPhone, Based on OS X, and in turn based on Linux, uses Linux commands also when a terminal app is installed. Commercial and popular uptake Today Linux is used in numerous domains, from embedded systems to supercomputers, and has secured a place in server installations with the popular LAMP application stack.
Torvalds continues to direct the development of the kernel. Stallman heads the Free Software Foundation, which in turn supports the GNU components. Finally, individuals and corporations develop third-party non-GNU components.
These third-party components comprise a vast body of work and may include both kernel modules and user applications and libraries. Linux vendors and communities combine and distribute the kernel, GNU components, and non-GNU components, with additional package management software in the form of Linux distributions. Design Linux is a modular Unix-like operating system. It derives much of its basic design from principles established in Unix during the 1970s and 1980s. Linux uses a monolithic kernel, the Linux kernel, which handles process control, networking, and peripheral and file system access.
Device drivers are integrated directly with the kernel. Much of Linux's higher-level functionality is provided by separate projects which interface with the kernel.
The GNU userland is an important part of most Linux systems, providing the shell and Unix tools which carry out many basic operating system tasks. On top these tools form a Linux system with a graphical user interface that can be used, usually running in the X Window System.
User interface Linux can be controlled by one or more of a text-based command line interface (CLI), graphical user interface (GUI) (usually the default for desktop), or through controls on the device itself (common on embedded machines). On desktop machines, KDE, GNOME and Xfce are the most popular user interfaces, though a variety of other user interfaces exist.
Most popular user interfaces run on top of the X Window System (X), which provides network transparency, enabling a graphical application running on one machine to be displayed and controlled from another. Other GUIs include X window managers such as FVWM, Enlightenment and Window Maker. The window manager provides a means to control the placement and appearance of individual application windows, and interacts with the X window system. A Linux system usually provides a CLI of some sort through a shell, which is the traditional way of interacting with a Unix system. A Linux distribution specialized for servers may use the CLI as its only interface. A “headless system” run without even a monitor can be controlled by the command line via a protocol such as SSH or telnet.
Most low-level Linux components, including the GNU Userland, use the CLI exclusively. The CLI is particularly suited for automation of repetitive or delayed tasks, and provides very simple inter-process communication. A graphical terminal emulator program is often used to access the CLI from a Linux desktop.
Development The primary difference between Linux and many other popular contemporary operating systems is that the Linux kernel and other components are free and open source software. Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is the best-known and most widely used. Some free and open source software licences are based on the principle of copyleft, a kind of reciprocity: any work derived from a copyleft piece of software must also be copyleft itself. The most common free software license, the GNU GPL, is a form of copyleft, and is used for the Linux kernel and many of the components from the GNU project. As an operating system underdog competing with mainstream operating systems, Linux cannot rely on a monopoly advantage; in order for Linux to be convenient for users, Linux aims for interoperability with other operating systems and established computing standards. Linux systems adhere to POSIX, SUS, ISO and ANSI standards where possible, although to date only one Linux distribution has been POSIX.1 certified, Linux-FT.
Free software projects, although developed in a collaborative fashion, are often produced independently of each other. However, given that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, this provides a basis for larger scale projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the form of a Linux distribution. A Linux distribution, commonly called a “distro”, is a project that manages a remote collection of Linux-based software, and facilitates installation of a Linux operating system. Distributions are maintained by individuals, loose-knit teams, volunteer organizations, and commercial entities. They include system software and application software in the form of packages, and distribution-specific software for initial system installation and configuration as well as later package upgrades and installs. A distribution is responsible for the default configuration of installed Linux systems, system security, and more generally integration of the different software packages into a coherent whole. Community Linux is largely driven by its developer and user communities.
Some vendors develop and fund their distributions on a volunteer basis, Debian being a well-known example. Others maintain a community version of their commercial distributions, as Red Hat does with Fedora. In many cities and regions, local associations known as Linux Users Groups (LUGs) seek to promote Linux and by extension free software. They hold meetings and provide free demonstrations, training, technical support, and operating system installation to new users. There are also many Internet communities that seek to provide support to Linux users and developers. Most distributions and open source projects have IRC chatrooms or newsgroups. Online forums are another means for support, with notable examples being LinuxQuestions.org and the Gentoo forums.
Linux distributions host mailing lists; commonly there will be a specific topic such as usage or development for a given list. There are several technology websites with a Linux focus. Linux Weekly News is a weekly digest of Linux-related news; the Linux Journal is an online magazine of Linux articles published monthly; Slashdot is a technology-related news website with many stories on Linux and open source software; Groklaw has written in depth about Linux-related legal proceedings and there are many articles relevant to the Linux kernel and its relationship with GNU on the GNU project's website.
Print magazines on Linux often include cover disks including software or even complete Linux distributions. Although Linux is generally available free of charge, several large corporations have established business models that involve selling, supporting, and contributing to Linux and free software. These include Dell, IBM, HP, Sun Microsystems, Novell, and Red Hat. The free software licenses on which Linux is based explicitly accommodate and encourage commercialization; the relationship between Linux as a whole and individual vendors may be seen as symbiotic.
One common business model of commercial suppliers is charging for support, especially for business users. A number of companies also offer a specialized business version of their distribution, which adds proprietary support packages and tools to administer higher numbers of installations or to simplify administrative tasks. Another business model is to give away the software in order to sell hardware.
Programming on Linux Most Linux distributions support dozens of programming languages. The most common collection of utilities for building both Linux applications and operating system programs is found within the GNU toolchain, which includes the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and the GNU build system. Amongst others, GCC provides compilers for Ada, C, C, Java, and Fortran. The Linux kernel itself is written to be compiled with GCC.
Proprietary compilers for Linux include the Intel C Compiler. Most also include support for Perl, Ruby, Python and other dynamic languages. Examples of languages that are less common, but still well-supported, are C# via the Mono project, and Scheme. A number of Java Virtual Machines and development kits run on Linux, including the original Sun Microsystems JVM (HotSpot), and IBM's J2SE RE, as well as many open-source projects like Kaffe. The two main frameworks for developing graphical applications are those of GNOME and KDE. These projects are based on the GTK+ and Qt widget toolkits, respectively, which can also be used independently of the larger framework. Both support a wide variety of languages.
There are a number of Integrated development environments available including Anjuta, Code::Blocks, Eclipse, KDevelop, Lazarus, MonoDevelop, NetBeans, and Omnis Studio while the long-established editors Vim and Emacs remain popular. Uses As well as those designed for general purpose use on desktops and servers, distributions may be specialized for different purposes including: computer architecture support, embedded systems, stability, security, localization to a specific region or language, targeting of specific user groups, support for real-time applications, or commitment to a given desktop environment. Furthermore, some distributions deliberately include only free software. Currently, over three hundred distributions are actively developed, with about a dozen distributions being most popular for general-purpose use. Linux is a widely ported operating system.
While the Linux kernel was originally designed only for Intel 80386 microprocessors, it now runs on a more diverse range of computer architectures than any other operating system: in the hand-held ARM-based iPAQ and the mainframe IBM System z9, in devices ranging from mobile phones to supercomputers. Specialized distributions exist for less mainstream architectures. The ELKS kernel fork can run on Intel 8086 or Intel 80286 16-bit microprocessors, while the µClinux kernel fork may run on systems without a memory management unit. The kernel also runs on architectures that were only ever intended to use a manufacturer-created operating system, such as Macintosh computers, PDAs, video game consoles, portable music players, and mobile phones.
Desktop Although there is a lack of a Linux ports for some Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows programs in domains such as desktop publishing and professional audio, applications equivalent to those available for Mac and Windows are available for Linux. Most Linux distributions provide a program for browsing a list of thousands of free software applications that have already been tested and configured for a specific distribution.
These free programs can be downloaded and installed with one mouse click and a digital signature guarantees that no one has added a virus or a spyware to these programs. Many free software titles that are popular on Windows, such as Pidgin, Mozilla Firefox, Openoffice.org, and GIMP, are available for Linux.
A growing amount of proprietary desktop software is also supported under Linux, examples being Adobe Flash Player, Acrobat Reader, Matlab, Nero Burning ROM, Opera, RealPlayer, and Skype. In the field of animation and visual effects, most high end software, such as AutoDesk Maya, Softimage XSI and Apple Shake, is available for Linux, Windows and/or Mac OS X. CrossOver is a proprietary solution based on the open source Wine project that supports running older Windows versions of Microsoft Office and Adobe Photoshop.
Microsoft Office 2007 and Adobe Photoshop CS are known not to work, while Adobe Photoshop CS2 and CS3 are untested and unsupported. Besides the free Windows compatibility layer Wine, most distributions offer Dual boot and X86 virtualization for running both Linux and Windows on the same computer. Linux's open nature allows distributed teams to localize Linux distributions for use in locales where localizing proprietary systems would not be cost-effective. For example the Sinhalese language version of the Knoppix distribution was available for a long time before Microsoft Windows XP was translated to Sinhalese.
In this case the Lanka Linux User Group played a major part in developing the localized system by combining the knowledge of university professors, linguists, and local developers. The performance of Linux on the desktop has been a controversial topic, with at least one key Linux kernel developer, Con Kolivas, accusing the Linux community of favouring performance on servers. He quit Linux development because he was frustrated with this lack of focus on the desktop, and then gave a 'tell all' interview on the topic. Servers and supercomputers Historically, Linux has mainly been used as a server operating system, and has risen to prominence in that area; Netcraft reported in September 2006 that eight of the ten most reliable internet hosting companies run Linux on their web servers. This is due to its relative stability and long uptime, and the fact that desktop software with a graphical user interface for servers is often unneeded.
Enterprise and non-enterprise Linux distributions may be found running on servers. Linux is the cornerstone of the LAMP server-software combination (Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python) which has achieved popularity among developers, and which is one of the more common platforms for website hosting. Linux is commonly used as an operating system for supercomputers. As of November 2007, out of the top 500 systems, 426 (85.2%) run Linux. Embedded devices Due to its low cost and ability to be easily modified, an embedded Linux is often used in embedded systems. Linux has become a major competitor to the proprietary Symbian OS found in many mobile phones — 16.7% of smartphones sold worldwide during 2006 were using Linux — and it is an alternative to the dominant Windows CE and Palm OS operating systems on mobile devices.
Cell phones or PDAs running on Linux and built on open source platform became a trend from 2007, like Nokia N810, Openmoko's Neo1973 and the on-going Google Android. The popular TiVo digital video recorder uses a customized version of Linux. Several network firewall and router standalone products, including several from Linksys, use Linux internally, using its advanced firewall and routing capabilities. The Korg OASYS and the Yamaha Motif XS music workstations also run Linux. Further more Linux is used in the leading stage lighting control system, FlyingPig/HighEnd WholeHogIII Console.
Copyright and naming The Linux kernel and most GNU software are licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL). The GPL requires that anyone who distributes the Linux kernel must make the source code (and any modifications) available to the recipient under the same terms. In 1997, Linus Torvalds stated, “Making Linux GPL'd was definitely the best thing I ever did.” Other key components of a Linux system may use other licenses; many libraries use the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), a more permissive variant of the GPL, and the X Window System uses the MIT License. Torvalds has publicly stated that he would not move the Linux kernel (currently licensed under GPL version 2) to version 3 of the GPL, released in mid-2007, specifically citing some provisions in the new license which prohibit the use of the software in digital rights management. A 2001 study of Red Hat Linux 7.1 found that this distribution contained 30 million source lines of code. Using the Constructive Cost Model, the study estimated that this distribution required about eight thousand man-years of development time. According to the study, if all this software had been developed by conventional proprietary means, it would have cost about 1.08 billion dollars (year 2000 U.S.
Dollars) to develop in the United States. Most of the code (71%) was written in the C programming language, but many other languages were used, including C, assembly language, Perl, Python, Fortran, and various shell scripting languages. Slightly over half of all lines of code were licensed under the GPL. The Linux kernel itself was 2.4 million lines of code, or 8% of the total. In a later study, the same analysis was performed for Debian GNU/Linux version 4.0.
This distribution contained over 283 million source lines of code, and the study estimated that it would have cost 5.4 billion Euros to develop by conventional means. In the United States, the name Linux is a trademark registered to Linus Torvalds. Initially, nobody registered it, but on August 15, 1994, William R. Della Croce, Jr. Filed for the trademark Linux, and then demanded royalties from Linux distributors. In 1996, Torvalds and some affected organizations sued him to have the trademark assigned to Torvalds, and in 1997 the case was settled.
The licensing of the trademark has since been handled by the Linux Mark Institute. Torvalds has stated that he only trademarked the name to prevent someone else from using it, but was bound in 2005 by United States trademark law to take active measures to enforce the trademark. As a result, the LMI sent out a number of letters to distribution vendors requesting that a fee be paid for the use of the name, and a number of companies have complied.
GNU/Linux The Free Software Foundation views Linux distributions which use GNU software as GNU variants and they ask that such operating systems be referred to as GNU/Linux or a Linux-based GNU system. However, the media and population at large refers to this family of operating systems simply as Linux. While some distributors make a point of using the aggregate form, most notably Debian with the Debian GNU/Linux distribution, the term's use outside of the enthusiast community is limited. The distinction between the Linux kernel and distributions based on it plus the GNU system is a source of confusion to many newcomers, and the naming remains controversial. :: Islam Itu Syumul:: masterphp Joined: 03 Mar 2008 Posts: 35 Location: Ampang Posted: Tue Mar 04, 2008 6:47 am Post subject: Istilah Linux atau GNU/Linux (GNU) juga digunakan bagi merujuk kepada keseluruhan edaran Linux yang selalunya disertakan perisian-perisian lain sekali dengan Sistem pengendalian.
Contoh-contoh perisian adalah seperti pelayan web, bahasa pengaturcaraan, pangkalan data, persekitaran desktop (seperti GNOME dan KDE), dan suite pejabat seperti OpenOffice.org. Edaran-edaran Linux telah mengalami pertumbuhan yang pesat dari segi kepopularan, sehingga lebih popular daripada versi UNIX yang merupakan perisian hak milik dan mula mencabar dominasi Microsoft Windows dalam sesetengah perkara. Linux menyokong sebahagian besar perkakasan komputer dan telah diguna di dalam pelbagai peralatan daripada komputer peribadi ke superkomputer dan sistem terbenam (seperti telefon mudahalih dan perakam video peribadi Tivo). Pada mulanya, ia dibangunkan dan digunakan oleh peminatnya sahaja. Kini Linux telah mendapat sokongan daripada syarikat-syarikat besar seperti IBM, dan Hewlett-Packard.
Para penganalisa menujukan kejayaannya ini disebabkan ianya tidak bergantung kepada vendor (vendor-independence), kos perkakasan yang rendah, dan kepantasannya berbanding versi UNIX proprietari, serta faktor keselamatan dan kestabilannya berbanding dengan Microsoft Windows. Ciri-ciri ini juga menjadi bukti kepada keberkesanan model pembangunan sumber terbuka. Sejarah Kernel Linux pada awalnya ditulis sebagai hobi oleh pelajar universiti Finland Linus Torvalds yang belajar di Universiti Helsinki, sebagai menyerupai kernel Minix yang bebas dan boleh sunting. (Minix adalah projek pelajaran menyerupai UNIX direka untuk mudah dan bukannya untuk kegunaan perniagaan.) Versi 0.01 dikeluarkan ke Internet pada September 1991, Versi 0.02 pada 5 Oktober 1991. Berikutnya, beribu penulis perisian sukarelawan seluruh dunia telah menyertai projek ini. Lihat juga The Cathedral and the Bazaar, rencana terkenal mengenai model pembangunan kernel Linux dan aturcara seumpamanya. Sejarah sistem pengoperasian berasaskan Linux berkait-rapat dengan projek GNU, projek perisian bebas terkenal diketuai oleh Richard Stallman.
Projek GNU bermula pada 1983 untuk membangunkan sistem pengoperasian seperti Unix lengkap — pengkompil, aturcara aplikasi, utiliti pembangunan dan seterusnya — dikarang sepenuhnya dengan Perisian Bebas. Pada 1991, apabila versi pertama kerangka Linux ditulis, projek GNU project telah menghasilkan hampir kesemua komponen sistem ini — kecuali kernel. Torvalds dan pembangun kernel seperti Linux menyesuaikan kernel mereka supaya dapat berfungsi dengan komponen GNU, dan seterusnya mengeluarkan Sistem Pengoperasian yang cukup berfungsi. Oleh itu, Linux melengkapkan ruang terakhir dalam rancangan GNU. Walaupun kernel Linux dilesenkan di bawah GNU General Public License, ia bukannya sebahagian daripada projek GNU. Tux, seekor Penguin, merupakan logo dan maskot bagi Linux.
Linux adalah tandaniaga (SN: 1916230) yang dimiliki oleh Linus Torvalds. Ia didaftar sebagai 'Perisian sistem pengoperasian komputer bagi penggunaan komputer dan operasi'. Tandaniaga ini diletak setelah berlaku suatu kejadian di mana seorang peguam bernama William R Della Croce Jr mula menghantar surat kepada para pengedar Linux yang mendakwa tandaniaga Linux adalah kepunyaannya serta meminta royalti sebanyak 10% daripada mereka. Para pengedar Linux mula mengumpul sumber serta membuat rayuan agar tandaniaga yang asal diberi kepada Linus Torvalds. Perlesenan tandaniaga Linux sekarang dikendali oleh Linux Mark Institute.
Distribusi Linux Terdapat banyak edaran atau distribusi Linux (lebih dikenali sebagai Distro), yang dibangunkan oleh individu, koperasi, dan pertubuhan lain. Setiap satunya mungkin disertakan dengan perisian sistem dan program aplikasi tambahan, di samping menyertakan suatu program yang memasang keseluruhan sistem dalam komputer baru. Teras bagi setiap edaran Linux termasuk Kernel Linux, koleksi perisian daripada projek GNU (atau projek lain), shell, dan aturcara utiliti seperti pustaka (libraries), Pengkompil, dan Pengedit (editor).
Kebanyakan sistem juga menyertakan aturcara dan utiliti yang bukan-GNU, bagaimanapun aturcara-aturcara tersebut boleh diasingkan dan masih menyediakan sistem ala-Unix. Beberapa contoh adalah aturcara dan utiliti daripada BSD dan Sistem Tetingkap-X (X-Window System). X menyediakan Antaramuka Grafik (GUI) yang asas bagi sistem Linux.Kebanyakan edaran Linux menyertakan pelbagai perisian berkualiti.
Aplikasi Sistem Pengoperasian berasaskan Linux Pengguna Linux, yang secara tradisinya perlu memasang dan melakukan konfigurasi terhadap sistem sendiri, lebih cenderung terhadap teknologi berbanding pengguna Microsoft Windows atau Mac OS. Mereka sering mendapat gelaran 'hacker' atau 'geek'. Bagaimanapun stereotaip begini semakin kurang dengan peningkatan sifat ramah-pengguna dan berleluasannya pengguna edaran Linux.
Linux telah membuat pencapaian yang agak baik dalam pasaran komputer pelayan (server) dan komputer guna-khas (special purpose). Contohnya, mesin render imej, dan servis web. Linux juga mula popular dalam pasaran komputer 'desktop'. Linux merupakan asas kepada kombinasi perisian-pelayan LAMP, kependekan daripada Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP,Python. LAMP telah mencapai kepopularan yang luas di kalangan pembangun Web.
Linux juga sering digunakan sebagai Sistem Pengoperasian Benam. Kos Linux yang murah memungkinkan penggunaannya dalam peralatan seperti Simputer, iaitu komputer kos rendah yang disasarkan pada penduduk berpendapatan rendah di Negara-negara Membangun. Dengan Persekitaran Desktop seperti KDE dan GNOME, Linux menawarkan Antaramuka Pengguna yang lebih menyerupai Apple Macintosh atau Microsoft Windows daripada Antaramuka Baris Arahan seperti Unix. Justeru itu, lebih banyak perisian grafik boleh didapati pada Linux, yang menawarkan kebanyakan fungsi yang ada pada aturcara komersil. Pasaran serta bolehpakai Linux yang pada awalnya hanya merupakan sistem pengoperasian yang digunakan oleh peminat komputer, telah menjadi sistem yang lebih Ramah-pengguna, dengan antaramuka grafik yang pelbagai serta aplikasi yang lebih memiripi sistem pengoperasian konsumer lain, daripada baris arahan Unix.
Namun kesan ini telah menimbulkan kritikan ramai, begitu juga daripada penyokong Linux. Mereka berpendapat yang Linux dan projek perisian bebas masih belum mencapai faktor ke'bolehpakai'an yang memuaskan. Persoalan tentang ke'bolehpakai'an Linux berbanding Windows atau Macintosh masih menjadi isu perdebatan yang hangat.
Pasaran Linux dalam komputer 'desktop' masih agak kecil tapi semakin berkembang. Menurut Syarikat Penyelidikan Pasaran IDC, bahagian pasaran bagi Linux pada tahun 2002 adalah 25% bagi pasaran pelayan, dan 2.8% bagi pasaran Komputer Peribadi. Bagi mereka yang hanya biasa menggunakan Windows atau Macintosh, Linux mungkin kelihatan lebih sukar disebabkan perbezaan dalam melakukan pelbagai kerja komputer. Malahan itu, lebih mudah untuk mencari sokongan teknikal bagi Windows atau Mac OS berbanding Linux. Tambahan lagi, secara lazimnya pengguna perlu menukar perisian yang sering digunakan, disebabkan perisian tersebut tidak didapati dalam Linux (atau pilihan yang agak terhad, terutamanya permainan komputer). Faktor lain adalah sifat ragu-ragu pengguna yang berasa susah hendak melepaskan sistem pengoperasian mereka (ramai pengguna masih menggunakan versi Windows yang lama).
Selain itu, kebanyakan komputer didatangkan dengan Windows sedia dipasang (preinstalled). Faktor-faktor ini menyebabkan perkembangan Linux yang agak perlahan. Walaubagaimanapun, kelebihan Linux seperti kos rendah, kelemahan sekuriti yang kurang, dan tidak bergantung pada vendor (lack of vendor lock-in), telah menggalakkan penggunaan yang meluas di kalangan koperasi dan kerajaan. Dalam situasi ini, halangan yang disebut di atas dapat dikurangkan kerana hanya aplikasi/aturcara yang terhad digunakan, serta kerja pentadbiran komputer (administration) dikendalikan oleh sekumpulan pekerja pakar IT yang sedikit. Terdapat pelbagai kajian yang dilakukan terhadap kos serta ke'bolehpakai'an Linux.
Relevantive, (sebuah syarikat berpusat di Berlin, yang mengkhusus dalam rundingan syarikat tentang ke'bolehpakai'an perisian, serta servis web), telah membuat kesimpulan bahawa ke'bolehpakai'an Linux bagi kerja-kerja berkaitan komputer 'desktop' adalah hampir sama dengan Windows XP. Bagaimanapun, kajian oleh IDC (yang dibiayai oleh Microsoft) membahaskan bahawa Linux mempunyai kos pemilikan (Total Cost of Ownership) yang lebih tinggi berbanding Windows. Linux juga sering dikritik disebabkan jadual pembangunannya yang tidak dapat diduga. Secara langsung, menyebabkan pengguna Enterprise kurang selesa dengan Linux berbanding dengan sistem pengoperasian lain (Sumber:Marcinkowski, 2003). Pilihan yang banyak dalam edaran Linux juga dikatakan mengelirukan konsumer, dan vendor perisian.
Pemasangan (Installation) Proses pemasangan yang sukar sering-kali menjadi penghalang bagi pengguna baru, namun proses ini adalah lebih mudah hari ini. Dengan penerimaan Linux oleh beberapa pengeluar PC (Komputer Peribadi) terbesar, komputer yang disedia-pasang dengan edaran Linux boleh didapati. Terdapat juga edaran Linux yang membenarkan Linux dibut (boot) secara terus daripada Live CD tanpa perlu memasangnya ke dalam Cakera keras. Contoh-contoh edaran Linux berbentuk Live CD adalah Knoppix/Gnoppix dan Gentoo. Imej ISO bagi CD untuk edaran Linux tersebut biasanya boleh dimuat turun daripada Internet, ditulis ke CD, dan seterusnya membutkan CD tersebut.
Linux juga boleh dibutkan menerusi rangkaian, menerusi Cakera liut, atau menerusi Kad Rangkaian. Konfigurasi Konfigurasi atau pentadbiran bagi kebanyakan ketetapan(setting) Linux seringkali perlu dilakukan menerusi penyuntingan fail teks dalam direktori /etc. Terdapat juga aturcara seperti Linuxconf dan GNOME System Tools yang bertujuan memudahkan kerja ini dengan menyediakan antaramuka grafik. Namun baris arahan merupakan cara paling lazim digunakan. Sokongan Sokongan bagi Linux biasanya didapatkan menerusi peer(dalam konteks ini bermaksud rakan dalam talian) - pengguna Linux lain di dalam forum internet, newsgroup dan senarai mel. Kumpulan Pengguna Linux (LUG, Linux User Group) telah ditubuhkan di sepelosok dunia bagi membantu pengguna tempatan (local user), pengguna baru, dan pengguna berpengalaman.
Bantuan termasuk pemasangan, penggunaan, penyelenggaraan serta menggalakkan perkembangan sistem Linux. Pembekal komersil bagi edaran Linux secara umumnya mengamalkan model perniagaan dengan menyediakan sokongan. Sokongan parti ketiga juga sedia ada. 'GNU/Linux' Disebabkan aturcara-aturcara daripada projek sistem pengoperasian bebas GNU - tanpa ini sistem Linux tidak akan menyerupai sistem Unix dalam perspektif pengguna - Richard Stallman daripada GNU/FSF memohon agar kombinasi sistem (projek GNU dan kernel Linux), digelar sebagai 'GNU/Linux'. Pengguna edaran Linux daripada projek Debian lebih cenderung mengguna nama tersebut.
Kebanyakan pengguna lebih mudah mengguna istilah 'Linux'. Tindakan Undang-undang (Litigation) Artikel utama: SCO Vs IBM Pada bulan Mac 2003, Kumpulan SCO (SCOG - SCO Group) telah mengeluarkan saman terhadap IBM yang mendakwa bahawa IBM telah memasukkan sebahagian daripada bahan intelektual kepunyaan SCOG ke dalam kernel Linux, di mana ia merupakan cabulan terhadap lesen IBM untuk menggunakan UNIX. Lesen tersebut dikatakan dipegang oleh Kumpulan SCO. Tambahan lagi, Kumpulan SCO juga telah mengirim surat kepada sebilangan syarikat dan memberi amaran tentang penggunaan Linux tanpa lesen daripada kumpulan SCO akan menerima tindakan daripada mereka. Kumpulan SCO juga mengeluarkan pernyataan pada media massa yang mereka akan menyaman pengguna Linux selanjutnya. Kontroversi ini telah mencetus beberapa kes saman oleh Kumpulan SCO terhadap Novell, DaimlerChrysler, dan AutoZone, selain saman balik oleh Red Hat dan pihak lain terhadap SCOG.
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Features. Penjualan barang (harga terakhir pelanggan, modal brg sekali klik). Pembelian barang (retur barang, fasilitas kredit). Laporan keuangan (omset, untung, arus kas). multi user (unlimited).
10 klien aktif (Penggunaan sangat mudah) ada klien yg cuma lulus smp bisa pake!. Bisa di edit sesuai kebutuhan klien.
Log user (apa saja yg dilakukan user akan terekam ex: edit, hapus data). Support barcode scan. Lacak riwayat penjualan/pembelian barang (mudah nge-cek loss barang). Sistem 'link', memudahkan penjualan barang by pcs walaupun masuknya dalam satuan dus/bal.